tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11688086877871484772024-02-07T02:26:06.941-08:00ATRO MEDAN (Iqbal Tren)Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16916627864793880256noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1168808687787148477.post-67019270437970032532012-06-07T19:51:00.000-07:002012-06-07T19:51:14.472-07:00Myelografi<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Puji
syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan rahmat serta
karunia-Nya kepada penulis sehingga penulis berhasil menyelesaikan Makalah ini
tepat pada waktunya yang berjudul “MYELOGRAFI”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Makalah
ini berisikan tentang informasi
Myelografi atau yang lebih khususnya membahas </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk
pemeriksaan cairan otak dengan bantuan sinar-x dan bahan media kontras positif
yang diinjeksikan kedalam pertengahan diskus menembus Medula Spinallis dengan
cara memasukkan jarum ganda untuk menegakkan diagnosa</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">,Diharapkan Makalah ini dapat
memberikan informasi kepada kita semua <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Makalah ini
saya akui masih banyak kekurangan karena pengalaman yang saya miliki sangat
kurang. Oleh kerena itu saya harapkan kepada Bapak Dosen untuk memberikan
masukan-masukan yang bersifat membangun untuk kesempurnaan makalah ini.</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">DAFTAR
ISI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">BAB I Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">Anatomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">Pengertian Myelografi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">BAB II Tehnik Pemeriksaan Myelografi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PERSIAPAN
PASIEN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Persiapan kamar / ruang pemeriksaan</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Persiapan alat</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik radiografi</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik pemeriksaan myelografi</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Proyeksi Lateral</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Proyeksi AP</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">Anatomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sumsum tulang belakangmerupakan bagian
sumsum saraf pusat, berbentuk silinder memanjang dan seluruhnya terletak
didalam saluran tulang tulang belakang. Pada orang dewasa membentang dari</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <i>medulla oblongata</i> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">sampai setinggi ruang antar ruas
lumbal 1-2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sumsum tulang belakang dibungkus oleh
tiga lapis selaput meninges. Selaput paling dalam disebut</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <i>pia meter</i> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">berisi pembuluh darah yang membawa
makanan ke sumsum tulang belakang. Selaput maninges yang berada ditengah adalah</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <i>arachnoid</i></span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, membungkus akar serabut saraf spinal sejak dari
tempat keluarnya dari saluran tulang belakang. Arakhnoid dipisahkan dari pia
meter oleh ruang sub arachnoid.</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <i>Dura meter</i></span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">merupakan selaput
terluar meluas kebawah sampai setinggi ruas sakral 2, untuk membungkus
saraf-saraf spinal, yang memanjang dari sumsum tulang belakang ke
pintu keluar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sumsum tulang belakang ke bawah semakin
mengecil membentuk kerucut yang disebut</span><i><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">knus medularis</span></i><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">. Dari konus medularis
sampai koksigeus 1 terdapat serabut saraf yang disebut</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <i>filum terminale</i></span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ada 31 pasang saraf spinal. Akar
masing-masing saraf keluar dari saluran tulang belakang setinggi permukaan antar
ruas, mulai dari</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <i>occipito-atlantis </i></span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">sampai sakro-koksigis.
Menurut tempatnya masing-masing lintasan akra saraf berbeda-beda. Pada daerah
cervikal akar saraf keluar hampir tegak lurus sumsum tulang belakang, daerah
thorakal keluarnya mulai miring kebawah, di daerah lumbal dan sakral keluarnya
merupakan berkas serabut-serabut yang hampir sejajar di sekitar</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <i>filum terminalisi</i></span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">membentuk</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <i>cauda equina</i> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">( ekor kuda ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ruang sub arachnoid merupakan selubung
dari sumsum tulang belakang dan berakhir setinggi sakral 2. Ruang sub arachnoid
dibawah lumbal 2 disebut teka lumbalis (sakus). Dari sinilah cairan cerbro
spinalis dihasilkan oleh</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <i>plexsus</i> <i>khoroid</i> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">yang kemudian akan
disalurkan kedalam ventrikel-ventrikel otak. Adapun peredaran dari saluran
cerbospinalis dimulai dari ventrikel-ventrikel otak, cairan ini masuk ke dalam
saluran pusat sumsum tulang belakang dan ruang sub arakhnoid melalui
celah-celah ventrikel ke empat. Cairan yang normal tampak jernih tidak berwarna
dan tidak berbau.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXyDRB6-48tW5kq2Ygerk_EJGFd7K2bH_BW8Ka_qpkINZTQJCU9ZK1_dJFHUPsCO4ZDwQd57LfJOn1_ZQ8YQbG5KJCXi7hLfFFUmh90tJglWCi0m5juVtq3SgoNV5dtnkdavtVwbzOW1d6/s1600/Vertebra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXyDRB6-48tW5kq2Ygerk_EJGFd7K2bH_BW8Ka_qpkINZTQJCU9ZK1_dJFHUPsCO4ZDwQd57LfJOn1_ZQ8YQbG5KJCXi7hLfFFUmh90tJglWCi0m5juVtq3SgoNV5dtnkdavtVwbzOW1d6/s320/Vertebra.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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<b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pengertian Myelogarafi</span></b><b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://localhost/wahyu/sites/default/files/media/sites/default/files/gambar/Myelogarfi.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color: #104a91; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="32" /></span></a><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Myelografi adalah pemeriksaan
secara radiologis dari medulla spinalis dengan menyuntikan media kontras
positif ke dalam ruang sub arakhnoid. Tujuan pemeriksaan myelografi untuk
memperlihatkan kelainan-kelainan pada :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ruang sub arakhnoid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Syaraf perifer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Medulla spinalis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Adapun kelainan – kelainan yang sering
terjadi pada daerah vertebrae, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tumor Ek</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">ra dural, intra dural yang terbagi atas
medullar, ek</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">ra medullar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pecahan tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Bengkak karena luka trauma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Hernia Nukleus Pulposus (</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">HNP</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">), yaitu suatu keadaan di mana terjadi penonjolan diskus intervertebralis
ke arah po</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">erior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">· </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tumor sekunder ( meta</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">ease )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kontra indikasi pada
pemeriksaan myelografi adalah :</span></b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tekanan intra fena kranial meninggi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Infeksi pada daerah tusukan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alergi terhadap bahan kon</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">ras<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kesadaran menurun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">LCS</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">bercampur darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Media kontras</span></b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Media kontras yang digunakan bersifat
water soluble non ionik. Contohnya : Ultravi</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">,
omnipaque, Iopamiero.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tehnik Pemeriksaan Myelografi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PERSIAPAN
PASIEN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pasien wanita, tanyakan apakah pasien hamil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanyakan apakah pasien mengkonsumsi obat-obatan
sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanyakan apakah pasien mempunyai riwayat asma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penandatanganan informed consent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Melepaskan benda-benda logam pada daerah yang akan
diperiksa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasien puasa</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> selama 5 jam sebelum pemeriksaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasien diberi penjelasan tentang prosedur pemeriksaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dibuat plain foto posisi AP dan lateral pada daerah
yang akan diperiksa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Premedikasi : diberikan obat sedatif,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> yaitu kombinasi dari 10 mg Drop ridol &
0,15 mg</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Persiapan kamar / ruang pemeriksaan</span></b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dikarenakan prosedur pemeriksaan
myelografi harus aseptik, maka meja pemeriksaan dan alat – alat harus bersih.
Dipersiapkan juga tabung oksigen yang siap pakai, </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">randart infus dan bebrapa peralatan </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">eril maupun tidak </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">eril yang diperlukan dipesiapkan pada tempatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">C. Persiapan alat :</span></b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pesawat sinar X<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kaset yang berisi film<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Marker L dan R<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Baju penderita dan duk lobang </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">eril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Spuit 10 ml dan 20 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Jarum spina beberapa ukuran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kasa </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">eril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kapas </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">eril<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alkohol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Yodium ( Betadine )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Media kontras yang digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Obat anti he</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">amin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Konrentan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kergaji ampul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Gunting dan ple</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">er<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">- </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tensimeter, thermometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">D. Teknik pemeriksaan myelografi</span></b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Tepi atas os illeum ditarik garis lurus ke arah tulang belakang kemudian di
desinfektan ( dari sentarl ke luar ) dengan menggunakan alkohol
kemudian betadine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Setelah kering dicari diskus intervertebralis lumbal 3 – 4, ditusuk dengan
jarum fungsi sampai keluar liquor cerebru spinalis (</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">LCS</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Kemudian dimasukkan media kontras 10 – 12 cc tergantung dengan kondisi
pasien yang diperiksa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4. </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Yang harus diperhatikan : ke</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">st</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">erillan alat tusuk,
daerah yang ditusuk, media kontras yang hendak dimasukkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">E. Teknik radiografi</span></b><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://localhost/wahyu/sites/default/files/media/sites/default/files/gambar/mye.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color: #104a91; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="32" /></span></a><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Myelografi dapat dilakukan dengan
menggunakan teknik radiografi konvensional ataupun dengan fluoroskapi. Sebelum
pemeriksaan myelografi dilakukan dibuat terlebih dahulu foto pendahuluan ( polos
) dari vertebre dengan proyeksi</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">AP</span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">dan lateral. Apabila foto pendahuluan taelah baik / informatif yang
dinyatakan oleh radiolog, pemeriksaan diteruskan dengan penyuntikkan
media kontras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #292929; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pengambilan foto setelah pemasukkan
media kontras tergantung klinis penderita dan permintaan dokter pengirim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcwQ_SqGw1Vaz9pqwufQ0Y0yWGMwb9-CpT-OSyY4eHh9alOi0vnd6K3VY63hbXYGH0n3hNgQntBSHozG6dBmnemY81FHRc_JN8RVzROIlELlWgF5D9XO5d_hbOeTXponAaYQ9SzppFoiO1/s1600/Myelogarfi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcwQ_SqGw1Vaz9pqwufQ0Y0yWGMwb9-CpT-OSyY4eHh9alOi0vnd6K3VY63hbXYGH0n3hNgQntBSHozG6dBmnemY81FHRc_JN8RVzROIlELlWgF5D9XO5d_hbOeTXponAaYQ9SzppFoiO1/s320/Myelogarfi.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Proyeksi
Lateral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tujuan
: untuk melihat kedalaman jarum yang menusuk ke dalam diskus intervertebralis
menembus Medula Spinallis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Posisi
Pasien : Pasien lateral recumbent, kepala di atas bantal, knee fleksi, di bawah
knee dan ankle diberi pengganjal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Posisi
Obyek :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Atur
MSP tegak lurus kaset/meja pemeriksaan (jika pakai buki).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 111.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Pelvis
dan tarsal true lateral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoAiPTIEh7S2N_jViWkBF6VltxzJs7hbdVS0kwBj75Dcr0zSI-5to4thGMWdWSCK9E-MR3PgrNYbdj3XDBFUgAfdZFPsAulEFLR2k4UEqP_Xjl4YjAg4FxXaNRysydrtSUQkWQikzvLreS/s1600/LS+LAT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoAiPTIEh7S2N_jViWkBF6VltxzJs7hbdVS0kwBj75Dcr0zSI-5to4thGMWdWSCK9E-MR3PgrNYbdj3XDBFUgAfdZFPsAulEFLR2k4UEqP_Xjl4YjAg4FxXaNRysydrtSUQkWQikzvLreS/s1600/LS+LAT.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> Letakkan pengganjal yang radiolussent di bawah
pinggang agar vertebra lumbal sejajar pada meja (palpasi prosessus spinosus).</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">
Gambar 2.10 Posisi Lateral (Bontrager, 2001)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sinar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CR :
Tegak lurus kaset.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CP :
Setinggi L3 (palpasi lower costal margin/4 cm di atas crista iliaka) <br />
FFD : 100 cm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Eksposi
: Ekspirasi tahan nafas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi157SakqSznTO0YZukJ_A5X4eygqdZQqS2KHhErQpmuENvt8aPlkER3_YUnFP7ACp248kcn6x_MWtmLY-UDjoJ_p4Tpmm13fMCpVLdy_rnCpmomwngk24ShYeTb-GsIVsyIIEriGEBELZj/s1600/91.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi157SakqSznTO0YZukJ_A5X4eygqdZQqS2KHhErQpmuENvt8aPlkER3_YUnFP7ACp248kcn6x_MWtmLY-UDjoJ_p4Tpmm13fMCpVLdy_rnCpmomwngk24ShYeTb-GsIVsyIIEriGEBELZj/s320/91.jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kriteria
: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tampak gambaran jarum yang menusuk
bagian diskus intervertebralcontras dan menembus Medula Spinallis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tampak gambaran Medula Spinallis telah
terisi zat contras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tampak foramen intervertebralis L1 –
L4, Corpus vertebrae, space intervertebrae, prosessus spinosus <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tidak ada <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PROYEKSI AP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tujuan : Untuk melihat zat contas yang
telah terisi contras media</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Posisi Pasien : Pasien tidur supine,
kepala di atas bantal, knee fleksi.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Posisi Obyek :</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Atur
MSP tegak lurus kaset/meja pemeriksaan (jika pakai buki).</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Letakkan
kedua tangan diatas dada.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Tidak
ada rotasi tarsal / pelvis.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="height: 240px; left: 0px; margin-left: 2px; margin-top: 3px; position: absolute; width: 320px; z-index: -1;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr1SYiEmL5-pFZzWqg7OH0KcDM398E99oHZ_ajUZ9wodRYpewvGq0acCWTFbR6RwbZ3_coowhgkmD9SJg_gjLRJs07hHc8XVxIXdl_MaaXQNOxdtuPuHxEiVQ3dlMZF29nMtOXL5fwJLY/s1600/ls+ap.bmp"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr1SYiEmL5-pFZzWqg7OH0KcDM398E99oHZ_ajUZ9wodRYpewvGq0acCWTFbR6RwbZ3_coowhgkmD9SJg_gjLRJs07hHc8XVxIXdl_MaaXQNOxdtuPuHxEiVQ3dlMZF29nMtOXL5fwJLY/s320/ls+ap.bmp" border="0" height="240" src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg" v:shapes="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5497869103956520482" width="320" /></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sinar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CR
: Tegak lurus kaset</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">CP
: </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 103.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Setinggi Krista iliaka (interspace
L4-L5) untuk memperlihatkan lumbal sacrum dan posterior Cocygeus.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Setinggi L3 (palpasi lower costal
margin/4 cm di atas crista iliaka) untuk memperlihatkan lumbal.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">FFD
: 100 cm</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Eksposi
: Ekspirasi tahan nafas.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuAlc_rxqecyNaGRAYZUSpW1SFi2LeEFmSuzBkUUuLe_7rp-Uo6ZO0Q6wa_QdPcA8-Mh5iU8HzYYX1M9KVizDV4jfb5PA14DiuzOL2IRzwPKKhK0TNF9QyjaCTBvkzaN6Unp0fMo8qr21C/s1600/mye.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuAlc_rxqecyNaGRAYZUSpW1SFi2LeEFmSuzBkUUuLe_7rp-Uo6ZO0Q6wa_QdPcA8-Mh5iU8HzYYX1M9KVizDV4jfb5PA14DiuzOL2IRzwPKKhK0TNF9QyjaCTBvkzaN6Unp0fMo8qr21C/s320/mye.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Kriteria
: Tampak vertebra lumbal, space intervertebra, prosessus spinosus dalam satu
garis pada vertebra, prosessus transversus kanan dan kiri berjarak sama</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16916627864793880256noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1168808687787148477.post-19769897746815116842012-05-30T19:42:00.003-07:002012-05-30T20:37:17.138-07:00discography<span style="background-color: cyan;"></span><m:smallfrac m:val="off">
<m:dispdef>
<m:lmargin m:val="0">
<m:rmargin m:val="0">
<m:defjc m:val="centerGroup">
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<m:intlim m:val="subSup">
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</m:narylim></m:intlim>
</m:wrapindent>
</m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
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KATA PENGANTAR</div>
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Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang
Maha Esa yang telah memberikan rahmat serta karunia-Nya kepada penulis sehingga
penulis berhasil menyelesaikan Makalah ini tepat pada waktunya yang berjudul
“DISCOGRAPHY”</div>
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Makalah ini berisikan tentang
informasi Discography atau yang lebih
khususnya membahas <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">diskus intervertebralis dengan bantuan sinar-x dan bahan media kontras
positif yang diinjeksikan kedalam pertengahan diskus dengan cara memasukkan
jarum ganda untuk menegakkan diagnosa</span>,Diharapkan Makalah ini dapat
memberikan informasi kepada kita semua </div>
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Makalah ini saya akui masih
banyak kekurangan karena pengalaman yang saya miliki sangat kurang. Oleh kerena
itu saya harapkan kepada Bapak Dosen untuk memberikan masukan-masukan yang
bersifat membangun untuk kesempurnaan makalah ini.</div>
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DAFTAR ISI</div>
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KATA PENGANTAR</div>
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DAFTAR ISI</div>
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BAB I</div>
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PENDAHULUAN</div>
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PENGERTIAN</div>
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ANATOMI DAN PSIOLOGI</div>
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BAB II</div>
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TEHNIK
RADIOGRAPHY DISCOGRAPHY</div>
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PERSIAPAN
PASIEN</div>
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PERSIAPAN
ALAT & BAHAN</div>
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METODE
PENYUNTIKAN</div>
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PROSEDUR
PEMERIKSAAN</div>
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PROYEKSI
LATERAL</div>
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PROYEKSI
AP</div>
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BAB I</div>
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PENDAHULUAN</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGERTIAN<br />
Discography adalah pemeriksaan radiografi dari diskus intervertebralis dengan
bantuan sinar-x dan bahan media kontras positif yang diinjeksikan kedalam
pertengahan diskus dengan cara memasukkan jarum ganda untuk menegakkan
diagnosa. Pemeriksaan discography pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh seorang
Radiolog asal Swedia yaitu K. Lindblom pada tahun 1948 dan dikembangkan oleh
Doward dan Butt. Pemeriksaan ini digunakan untuk memperlihatkan herniasi discus
atau degenerasi yang biasanya terjadi pada daerah lumbo-sacral dan terkadang
terjadi di daerah cervical. Discography dapat dilakukan terpisah atau
bersama-sama dengan myelography.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI<br />
Discus adalah ruang persendian yang dibentuk antara dua vertebrae yang
dikuatkan oleh ligamentum yang berjalan di depan dan di belakang corpus
vertebrae sepanjang columna vertebralis. Discus pada masing-masing corpus
berbentuk pendek silindris.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSJRx9DuXSz6nC6p5rQN_4gPfsKpY1YZpyxCRKE3ruYPL6jv3X8_QVP3KWBzA6dTwFYQhRWJf3JapVPrbyTwumVglPDuxpci2epVA0mC_wFRcMQhyphenhyphenOLkR8LQFmloXFYJ416oCGLdB1XNY/s1600/Vertebra.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
Banyak lamella vertikal pada daerah discus yang berbentuk spons, sehingga
memungkinkan untuk menahan goncangan. Bagian luarnya dilingkupi tulang keras
yang tipis. Discus terdiri dari :<br />
<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lingkaran
fibrus cartilago, merupakan lapisan cartilago yang menutupi permukaan atas dan
bawah dari setiap body vertebrae.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Annulus
fibrosus, merupakan lapisan jaringan fibrus dan cartilago yang membentuk
bantalan diantara lingkaran cartilago.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nucleus
pulposus ;yaitu pusat dari annulus fibrosus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjwdzIIDeNv2TKR_LTRBrn0-UZhZEXf_k9QDtOwZf-9bz8DQMSWhlliIkLvHXawMKZgkYNfBeGqCSVlSzWAPwBMx0UAbxLWGVGLGaZMEcfYIVpf5SQATUa6GKrna3aZuwuej2QliOXjMft/s1600/Rinegan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjwdzIIDeNv2TKR_LTRBrn0-UZhZEXf_k9QDtOwZf-9bz8DQMSWhlliIkLvHXawMKZgkYNfBeGqCSVlSzWAPwBMx0UAbxLWGVGLGaZMEcfYIVpf5SQATUa6GKrna3aZuwuej2QliOXjMft/s1600/Rinegan.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
Gambar anatomi Discus. Gambar tersebut dibuat dengan potongan sagital. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Annulus
Fibrosus, yang menjadi dasar lingkaran fibrosus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nucleus
Pulposus, yang menjadi pusat dari discus dan merupakan target dari penyuntikan
pada discography.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ligamen
Longitudinal Anterior.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ligamen
Longitudinal Posterior.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Canalis
Vertebralis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada keadaan
normal, discus berfungsi sebagai penahan goncangan dan memberikan keseimbangan
pada columna vertebralis pada saat tubuh dalam keadaan tegak. Sendi yang
terbentuk antara discus dan vertebrae adalah persendian dengan gerakan yang
terbatas saja dan termasuk sendi jenis simphisis, yaitu sebuah persendian yang
hanya dapat bergerak sedikit, tetapi jumlahnya yang banyak memberi kemungkinan
membengkok kepada columna secara keseluruhan. Selama menjadi bagian yang tidak
kaku dari columna vertebralis, maka discus ini akan memberikan flexibilitas dan
mempunyai tekanan yang sama, tetapi jika dalam keadaan fleksi , ekstensi atau
salah satu sisinya menahan beban maka salah satu sisi discus tersebut akan
menambah tekanan sesuai dengan besar tekanan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">INDIKASI<br />
•Ruptur Nukleus Pulposus<br />
•Lesi internal discus, yang tidak dapat dilihat pada pemeriksaan myelografi.<br />
•Hernia Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)<br />
•Penyempitan saluran spinal canal.<br />
<br />
KONTRA INDIKASI<br />
•Alergi terhadap bahan kontras.<br />
•Pendarahan<br />
•Multiple sclerosis<br />
<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
BAB II</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://dadang-saksono.blogspot.com/2010/07/teknik-radiografi-discography.html"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">Teknik Radiografi Discography</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PERSIAPAN PASIEN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pasien
wanita, tanyakan apakah pasien hamil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanyakan apakah pasien mengkonsumsi obat-obatan
sebelumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanyakan apakah pasien mempunyai riwayat asma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penandatanganan informed consent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Melepaskan benda-benda logam pada daerah yang akan
diperiksa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasien puasa</span>:<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> selama 5
jam sebelum pemeriksaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasien diberi penjelasan tentang prosedur pemeriksaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dibuat plain foto posisi AP dan lateral pada daerah
yang akan diperiksa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Premedikasi : diberikan obat sedatif,</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yaitu kombinasi dari 10 mg Drop ridol &
0,15 mg</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PERSIAPAN ALAT DAN BAHAN:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Steril<br />
•Needle dengan ukuran 20 dan 25<br />
•Spuit 10 ml dan 2 ml<br />
•Drawing-up canule<br />
•Gallipot<br />
•Kain kassa<br />
•Kapas<br />
•Media kontras yang digunakan 0,5 cc – 2 cc Angiografin atau Conray 280 atau
garam meglumine dari iothalamate atau diatrizoate 0,5 cc – 2 cc.<br />
<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsteril</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Pesawat sinar-X siap pakai<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPmHaCieqkAxaDGZYuPWPyIPZhlwZzsEJaOPkHj29xUXoQlQO02x0Zmo8GFgcLkqzvtjUruCWlEkXjlwAsA6rxHVJARmo59jI7QUjW0fwj3zqGndm7IWK3O7NETTQj-awirLwiiaxWKVC7/s1600/PESWAT.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPmHaCieqkAxaDGZYuPWPyIPZhlwZzsEJaOPkHj29xUXoQlQO02x0Zmo8GFgcLkqzvtjUruCWlEkXjlwAsA6rxHVJARmo59jI7QUjW0fwj3zqGndm7IWK3O7NETTQj-awirLwiiaxWKVC7/s1600/PESWAT.JPG" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Kaset dan film sinar-X sesuai dengan ukuran yang
dibutuhkan (30 x 40 atau 35 x 43)<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVD7GxZTC2wlUdp9Nrk86T1oPe6z1mPdRdoEAgK7_qX0kpA7fAuAiFQITR7J_1lQXB70T81xpCdGEt77CcQmN-zf7KWuLvFV93DrURxSNxKgZXfX-M-ksN1lBR1QOrOrI46j0Q9VcQyYQm/s1600/X-Ray-Film-Cassette-AX-II-AX-III-.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVD7GxZTC2wlUdp9Nrk86T1oPe6z1mPdRdoEAgK7_qX0kpA7fAuAiFQITR7J_1lQXB70T81xpCdGEt77CcQmN-zf7KWuLvFV93DrURxSNxKgZXfX-M-ksN1lBR1QOrOrI46j0Q9VcQyYQm/s320/X-Ray-Film-Cassette-AX-II-AX-III-.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Marker untuk identifikasi radiograf<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT0BVO0brIdv7RsM5XBE2LN1WoMaVH96c4-tzZmCfGcLC4niLPDF36Ip8o3NruDB8wdbkte18s2Bh2MCHbQFK1i-P4CYjhcrZ-UaGYaEUcRGy3p26mTblhTAyEc4jZ1zWKS2HULebobdkr/s1600/MARKER.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT0BVO0brIdv7RsM5XBE2LN1WoMaVH96c4-tzZmCfGcLC4niLPDF36Ip8o3NruDB8wdbkte18s2Bh2MCHbQFK1i-P4CYjhcrZ-UaGYaEUcRGy3p26mTblhTAyEc4jZ1zWKS2HULebobdkr/s320/MARKER.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Grid atau bucky table<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnXzD1fS_uawJJWy5pJhojKFzfvfjzSplEG8Wk-FtrwvrtkfIe8WydvcS2Yd7HBdJiFk_uj2G4Vqg1bxm7YWnWGGmnjIYJyC6cwgfAtAYs3DHd5OIb_OTFJF3XzLX-q9r7xY4Bw8bBNEFb/s1600/BUCKI.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnXzD1fS_uawJJWy5pJhojKFzfvfjzSplEG8Wk-FtrwvrtkfIe8WydvcS2Yd7HBdJiFk_uj2G4Vqg1bxm7YWnWGGmnjIYJyC6cwgfAtAYs3DHd5OIb_OTFJF3XzLX-q9r7xY4Bw8bBNEFb/s320/BUCKI.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Alat fiksasi bila diperlukan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Alat pengolah film</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gonad shield</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Apron</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Botol obat antiseptik hibitane 0,5 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Botol anastesi lokal lignocaine 1 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ampul media kontras</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jarum disposable</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Peralatan dan obat-obat emergensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">METODE PENYUNTIKKAN<br />
<br />
Pada pemeriksaan discography, ada dua cara dalam penyuntikan media kontras
yaitu :<br />
<br />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -18pt;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan 1 jarum (Standard Spinal Puncture Needle).</span></div>
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2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan 2 jarum (The Double Needle Combination).<br />
Double jarum terdiri dari :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jarum ukuran 20, yang akan digunakan untuk menyuntik
spinal dan mencapai annulus fibrosus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jarum ukuran 25 (lebih panjang dari jarum ke-1),yang
akan digunakan sebagai jarum penunjuk untuk menembus celah sampai menemukan
pusat dari nucleus pulposus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jarum yang
digunakan untuk daerah cervical biasanya digunakan dengan panjang 2 - 2,5
inchi, sedangkan untuk daerah lumbal 3,5 - 5 inchi. Penyuntikan dilakukan di
bawah kontrol fluoroskopi. Kombinasi dengan jarum double lebih baik daripada
dengan satu jarum</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PROSEDUR
PEMERIKSAAN</span></div>
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1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasien diposisikan lateral decubitus, dengan
punggungnya dilengkungkan serta lutut difleksikan.Bantalan busa hendaknya
ditempatkan di suatu tempat yang dianggap perlu agar tulang belakang itu
menjadi paralel dengan meja pemeriksaan.<br />
<br />
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWH8XudUDY6HLb_jw0dbd-RuAoLgzkG8i6Lx76eV8N7Bilyr0pQd8gJ3ExcK7gwvoTI26_PAirhtNYlJN8HW6QquEt6zffZE97RNZmP83LiM_4buZwtRxETGS8S_Np3OUKSxi7oGoFsqEl/s1600/Inkeksi.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWH8XudUDY6HLb_jw0dbd-RuAoLgzkG8i6Lx76eV8N7Bilyr0pQd8gJ3ExcK7gwvoTI26_PAirhtNYlJN8HW6QquEt6zffZE97RNZmP83LiM_4buZwtRxETGS8S_Np3OUKSxi7oGoFsqEl/s1600/Inkeksi.jpg" /></a></div>
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2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Daerah yang akan dipunksi diberikan antiseptik.</span></div>
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3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemudian dengan kontrol fluoroskopi, jarum dengan
ukuran 20 ditusukkan diantara ruas spinosus dan langsung ketulang cincin dari
discus yang akan diperiksa dan ujung jarum menembus annulus fibrosus.</span></div>
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4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemudian masukkan jarum kedua,ke dlm jarum ke satu
(jarum kedua lbh pjg daripada jarum pertama),shg jarum tsbt terletak dlm
nucleus pulposus.<br />
<br />
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtovHLHvKv6um45Nc4Spwj18MIzImjw0CckernlMKFurxZE5uH28eQISMeSBgaZ0_ahOuHR-a3xOWJu-YD6vXQkLrJ2Kq7xm1Ig26ETh4xuP9gYCgvjQ-GQSCy6k6FASjUyRF2HvTQ2u7Y/s1600/Inkeksi+2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtovHLHvKv6um45Nc4Spwj18MIzImjw0CckernlMKFurxZE5uH28eQISMeSBgaZ0_ahOuHR-a3xOWJu-YD6vXQkLrJ2Kq7xm1Ig26ETh4xuP9gYCgvjQ-GQSCy6k6FASjUyRF2HvTQ2u7Y/s320/Inkeksi+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemudian dilakukan penyuntikan kontras media.</span></div>
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6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lalu dibuat proyeksi lateral dengan jarum tetap berada
di dalamnya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Proyeksi
Lateral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 75.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tujuan : untuk melihat kedalaman jarum yang
menusuk ke dalam diskus intervertebralis.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Posisi Pasien : Pasien lateral recumbent, kepala
di atas bantal, knee fleksi, di bawah knee dan ankle diberi pengganjal.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Posisi Obyek :</div>
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a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Atur MSP tegak lurus kaset/meja pemeriksaan
(jika pakai buki).</div>
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b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Pelvis dan tarsal true lateral</div>
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c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span> Letakkan
pengganjal yang radiolussent di bawah pinggang agar vertebra lumbal sejajar
pada meja (palpasi prosessus spinosus).<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDNYNieCmw7mGUKC2Go82n9Z7Ob9cG91Dh_0NknQ7UjkM8rzQxlaGwwSOsXaqmBkxrjc1Ghh_K5L65KWAIfukgFZXW0K8cTuAU5shVOK6qkAj-QCP_2Mt36017IVuFSbtaadY4QLyywI9/s1600/LS+LAT.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDNYNieCmw7mGUKC2Go82n9Z7Ob9cG91Dh_0NknQ7UjkM8rzQxlaGwwSOsXaqmBkxrjc1Ghh_K5L65KWAIfukgFZXW0K8cTuAU5shVOK6qkAj-QCP_2Mt36017IVuFSbtaadY4QLyywI9/s1600/LS+LAT.jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
Gambar 2.10 Posisi Lateral (Bontrager, 2001)</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Sinar</div>
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CR : Tegak lurus kaset.</div>
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CP : Setinggi L3 (palpasi lower costal margin/4 cm di
atas crista iliaka) <br />
FFD : 100 cm</div>
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Eksposi : Ekspirasi tahan nafas.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4eSxEQwnh-suGNsWz7e_bRvaIBPwZeUaiAbmRAA0VpdAQ64y5f068tuPmZBHoLslMq7q1vvxhC3YODD9ikcDwGNs9t7OT51g5jaFy60Yh6OAcIcwup8kGjBeTZQL5zFLFrrglhqtLJx7a/s1600/radiograf-iacutea-de-la-espina-dorsal-lumbar-con-skoliosis-s-shaped-leve-thumb10049668.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4eSxEQwnh-suGNsWz7e_bRvaIBPwZeUaiAbmRAA0VpdAQ64y5f068tuPmZBHoLslMq7q1vvxhC3YODD9ikcDwGNs9t7OT51g5jaFy60Yh6OAcIcwup8kGjBeTZQL5zFLFrrglhqtLJx7a/s320/radiograf-iacutea-de-la-espina-dorsal-lumbar-con-skoliosis-s-shaped-leve-thumb10049668.jpg" width="279" /></a></div>
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<br />
Gambar 2.11 Proyeksi Lateral </div>
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Kriteria : </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Tampak
gambaran jarum yang menusuk bagian diskus intervertebralis yang telah terisi
bahan contras di lempengan atau ruas tulang belakang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Tampak
foramen intervertebralis L1 – L4, Corpus vertebrae, space intervertebrae, prosessus
spinosus dan pa – S1.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Tidak
ada rotasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bila media kontras sudah cukup,
jarum dicabut dan daerah penyuntikan ditutup.<br />
Kemudian pasien diposisikan supine,</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PROYEKSI AP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tujuan
: Untuk melihat patologi lumbal, fraktur dan scoliosis.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Posisi
Pasien : Pasien tidur supine, kepala di atas bantal, knee fleksi.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Posisi
Obyek :<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Atur MSP tegak lurus kaset/meja pemeriksaan
(jika pakai buki).<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Letakkan kedua tangan diatas dada.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Tidak ada rotasi tarsal / pelvis.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVNnp76KfQSK_wSP8V6glPROVzrjkm6Tcm1xxdbdflkr0m_DP3lX1nHx4XEN5zX7G95omAE7vFo687StPiLP9htdLzoluW2yqiDTEN9nr0J52ZqVgKjhUQIMNHGuoADGZ2JXMchj64ki6q/s1600/ls+ap.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVNnp76KfQSK_wSP8V6glPROVzrjkm6Tcm1xxdbdflkr0m_DP3lX1nHx4XEN5zX7G95omAE7vFo687StPiLP9htdLzoluW2yqiDTEN9nr0J52ZqVgKjhUQIMNHGuoADGZ2JXMchj64ki6q/s320/ls+ap.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Sinar</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>CR : Tegak lurus kaset<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>CP : <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 103.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Setinggi Krista iliaka (interspace L4-L5) untuk
memperlihatkan lumbal sacrum dan posterior Cocygeus.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 103.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Setinggi L3 (palpasi lower costal margin/4 cm di
atas crista iliaka) untuk memperlihatkan lumbal.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>FFD : 100 cm<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 67.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Eksposi : Ekspirasi tahan nafas.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiEydq6aRbNhbGP4jby51Usji70LKOD9NUT0QGV_cF_c4INFSrdANM6AT-7CejW2RH9rA6Fd6iG_pgVAmSe6GteNFQuuQ2NP3SYNWVZr7lMj0J_Huo4StJnqDpKHyQND2yDW0XNEioh8GJ/s1600/HASIL+AP+LS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiEydq6aRbNhbGP4jby51Usji70LKOD9NUT0QGV_cF_c4INFSrdANM6AT-7CejW2RH9rA6Fd6iG_pgVAmSe6GteNFQuuQ2NP3SYNWVZr7lMj0J_Huo4StJnqDpKHyQND2yDW0XNEioh8GJ/s320/HASIL+AP+LS.jpg" width="244" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kriteria : Tampak vertebra
lumbal, space intervertebra, prosessus spinosus dalam satu garis pada vertebra,
prosessus transversus kanan dan kiri berjarak sama<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16916627864793880256noreply@blogger.com1